Effects of Hybrid Training Combining Shadow, Dynamic Ball, Sensory, and Game Drills on Forehand Drive Performance in Young Table Tennis Players: A 2×2 Factorial Design
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2026.3.11Keywords:
table tennis, forehand drive, hybrid training, eye hand coordination, early childhoodAbstract
Background. Optimal training protocols for the forehand drive in young table tennis players (ages 6–9) are still under development. Although shadow drills, dynamic ball practice, sensory tools, and game-based activities each provide unique benefits, no research has integrated these methods into a hybrid model. Additionally, the moderating role of baseline EHC remains unclear, limiting the design of inclusive training programs.
Objectives. This study investigated the effect of a hybrid training model on forehand drive performance and assessed whether its effectiveness varied according to the athlete’s baseline EHC level.
Materials and Methods. A 2×2 factorial quasi-experimental design was employed. Twenty-eight athletes from PTMSI Makassar were divided into experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 14) groups and further stratified by high or low EHC levels (measured using the Beery VMI). Forehand drive accuracy (maximum score = 50) was assessed before and after 14 training sessions (50 minutes each, three times per week). Data were analyzed using two-way ANCOVA while controlling for pretest scores.
Results. After adjustment, the hybrid group achieved significantly higher scores than the control group (M = 44.68 vs. 42.11; p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.483). Athletes with high EHC outperformed those with low EHC (M = 44.54 vs. 42.25; p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.423). The interaction between training and EHC was not significant (p = 0.991).
Conclusion. The hybrid training model significantly improved forehand drive performance compared to conventional training methods. Coaches are encouraged to incorporate all four training methods into daily practice programs. These findings highlight the importance of integrating diverse training approaches at an early age and suggest potential applications in pediatric physiotherapy and motor performance rehabilitation.
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