Development of an Instrument Based on Salient Behavioral Beliefs to Measure Attitude towards Physical Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.14Keywords:
attitude, physical education, salient behavioral beliefs, theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behaviorAbstract
Study purpose. The study purpose was to develop an instrument to measure students’ attitude towards physical education through salient behavioral beliefs.
Materials and methods. The participants of the study were both boys and girls of grades 7 to 10 from the state of Manipur (India) in the first, second and fourth phase. In the first phase, based on the recommendation of the theory of reasoned action and its extension, the theory of planned behavior, an elicitation study was conducted using open-ended questions, where a total of 308 student responses were collected. The student responses were used to develop items through content analysis. In the second phase, i.e. content validity study, a total of 5 experts were recruited to evaluate the developed items from the elicitation study. In the third phase i.e. pilot study, out of the total of 123 student responses, 104 student responses were found to be usable for analysis. In the fourth phase, i.e. main study, out of the total of 433 student responses, 377 student responses were found to be usable for analysis.
Results. Due to lack of good model fit from the pilot study, a second exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first half of the main study data which produced a three-factor model, and this model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis with the other half of the main study data. The model fit indices were found to be appropriate, and also the composite reliability and construct validity were found to be appropriate.
Conclusions. This belief-based attitude measuring instrument was found to be valid and reliable for grades 7 to 10 in the Indian physical education context, i.e. schools which incorporate both yoga and physical education in the general physical education curriculum.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahirwar, R., & Mondal, P. R. (2019). Prevalence of obesity in India: A systematic review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(1), 318-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.032
Katapally, T. R., Goenka, S., Bhawra, J., Mani, S., Krishnaveni, G. V., Kehoe, S. H., Lamkang, A. S., Raj, M., & McNutt, K. (2016). Results From India’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S176-S182. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0393
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research [E-book]. Addison-Wesley.
Subramaniam, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2007). Middle school students’ attitudes toward physical education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(5), 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.003
Phillips, S. R., & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an Instrument to Measure Fourth and Fifth Grade Students’ Attitudes Toward Physical Education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367x.2012.693359
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior (1st ed.). Pearson.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
National Curriculum Framework (2005). [E-book]. National Council of Educational Research and Training. https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/nc-framework/nf2005-english.pdf
Subramaniam, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2000). Validation of Scores From an Instrument Measuring Student Attitude Toward Physical Education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 4(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0401_4
Montalvo, R. & Silverman, S.(2008, April). Urban secondary school students’ attitudes toward physical education. Paper presented at American Education Research Association, New York, NY.
Constantinides, P., & Silverman, S. (2018). Cypriot Urban Elementary Students’ Attitude Toward Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0235
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 13(3), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513137
Sutton, S., French, D. P., Hennings, S. J., Mitchell, J., Wareham, N. J., Griffin, S., Hardeman, W., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2003). Eliciting salient beliefs in research on the theory of planned behaviour: The effect of question wording. Current Psychology, 22(3), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1019-1
Phillips, S. (2011). Upper elementary school students’ attitudes and perceptions toward physical education (Ph.D). Columbia University.
Shrotryia, V. K., & Dhanda, U. (2019). Content Validity of Measurement Instrument for Employee Engagement. SAGE Open, 9(1), 215824401882175. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821751
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lovelace, M., & Brickman, P. (2013). Best Practices for Measuring Students’ Attitudes toward Learning Science. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 12(4), 606-617. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-11-0197
Hair, J. F., L.D.S. Gabriel, M., da Silva, D., & Braga Junior, S. (2019). Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: fundamental and practical aspects. RAUSP Management Journal, 54(4), 490-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-05-2019-0098
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Silverman, S., & Subramaniam, P. R. (1999). Student Attitude Toward Physical Education and Physical Activity: A Review of Measurement Issues and Outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19(1), 97-125. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.1.97
Awang, Z. (2015). SEM Made Simple. MPWS Rich Publication.
Kline, R. B. (2005). (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00834.x
Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10693-000
Byrne, B. M. (2010). (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Gaskin, J. (2016), “ValidityMaster”, Stats Tools Package. http://statwiki.gaskination.com
Bagozzi, R. P., & Burnkrant, R. E. (1979). Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 913-929. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.913
Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach (1st ed.) [E-book]. Psychology Press.
Katapally, T. R., Goenka, S., Bhawra, J., Mani, S., Krishnaveni, G. V., Kehoe, S. H., Lamkang, A. S., Raj, M., & McNutt, K. (2016). Results From India’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(s2), S176-S182. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0393
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research [E-book]. Addison-Wesley.
Subramaniam, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2007). Middle school students’ attitudes toward physical education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(5), 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.003
Phillips, S. R., & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an Instrument to Measure Fourth and Fifth Grade Students’ Attitudes Toward Physical Education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16(4), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367x.2012.693359
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior (1st ed.). Pearson.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
National Curriculum Framework (2005). [E-book]. National Council of Educational Research and Training. https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/nc-framework/nf2005-english.pdf
Subramaniam, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2000). Validation of Scores From an Instrument Measuring Student Attitude Toward Physical Education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 4(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0401_4
Montalvo, R. & Silverman, S.(2008, April). Urban secondary school students’ attitudes toward physical education. Paper presented at American Education Research Association, New York, NY.
Constantinides, P., & Silverman, S. (2018). Cypriot Urban Elementary Students’ Attitude Toward Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0235
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 13(3), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513137
Sutton, S., French, D. P., Hennings, S. J., Mitchell, J., Wareham, N. J., Griffin, S., Hardeman, W., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2003). Eliciting salient beliefs in research on the theory of planned behaviour: The effect of question wording. Current Psychology, 22(3), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1019-1
Phillips, S. (2011). Upper elementary school students’ attitudes and perceptions toward physical education (Ph.D). Columbia University.
Shrotryia, V. K., & Dhanda, U. (2019). Content Validity of Measurement Instrument for Employee Engagement. SAGE Open, 9(1), 215824401882175. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821751
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lovelace, M., & Brickman, P. (2013). Best Practices for Measuring Students’ Attitudes toward Learning Science. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 12(4), 606-617. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-11-0197
Hair, J. F., L.D.S. Gabriel, M., da Silva, D., & Braga Junior, S. (2019). Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: fundamental and practical aspects. RAUSP Management Journal, 54(4), 490-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-05-2019-0098
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Silverman, S., & Subramaniam, P. R. (1999). Student Attitude Toward Physical Education and Physical Activity: A Review of Measurement Issues and Outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19(1), 97-125. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.1.97
Awang, Z. (2015). SEM Made Simple. MPWS Rich Publication.
Kline, R. B. (2005). (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00834.x
Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10693-000
Byrne, B. M. (2010). (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Gaskin, J. (2016), “ValidityMaster”, Stats Tools Package. http://statwiki.gaskination.com
Bagozzi, R. P., & Burnkrant, R. E. (1979). Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 913-929. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.913
Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach (1st ed.) [E-book]. Psychology Press.
Downloads
Published
2022-11-30
How to Cite
Mario, M., & Das, A. (2022). Development of an Instrument Based on Salient Behavioral Beliefs to Measure Attitude towards Physical Education. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3s), S102-S109. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.14
Issue
Section
Original Scientific Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
