RETRACTED ARTICLE: The Relations Between Blood Pressure and Handgrip Strength in Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.2.08Keywords:
blood pressure, children, hypertension, body mass index, muscle strengthAbstract
Background. Studies, previously completed, announce that the handgrip strength as a measurement for assessing muscle fitness is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Yet, the relation of handgrip strength to the blood pressure in children is inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted the present research aiming to establish the relation of the handgrip strength to the blood pressure in Macedonian children from the Skopje region.
Materials and methods. The research was conducted on a sample of 1076 children (534 boys and 542 girls), whereby the following characteristics were measured: blood pressure, handgrip strength, weight, height, body fat percentage, waist circumference and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. General linear models were used to examine the association between handgrip strength and the outcome variables.
Results. After the adjustment of age, gender, BMI, body fat percentage and waist circumference, the handgrip strength was statistically significantly positively associated to both systolic (P<0.0001) and diastolic (P=0.02) blood pressure. There was a growing trend of the systolic blood pressure as the handgrip strength increased from the lower quartile to the upper quartile with 3,7 mm Hg difference between the upper and lower quartile (P for trend = 0.03). In this research, it was not established a statistically significant trend of the diastolic blood pressure as the hand grip strength increases from the lower quartile to the upper quartile (P for trend=0.09).
Conclusions. The muscle fitness has a positive correlation with the blood pressure in the respondents. The implications and the basic mechanisms of these results require further research studies.
Downloads
References
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., ... & Turner, M. B. (2015). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 131(4), e29-e322. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
Bao, W., Threefoot, S. A., Srinivasan, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (1995). Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. American journal of hypertension, 8(7), 657-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7061(95)00116-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7061(95)00116-7
Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2008). Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta–regression analysis. Circulation, 117(25), 3171-3180. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.730366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.730366
Juhola, J., Magnussen, C. G., Viikari, J. S., Kähönen, M., Hutri-Kähönen, N., Jula, A., ... & Juonala, M. (2011). Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Journal of pediatrics, 159(4), 584-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.03.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.03.021
Kagura, J., Adair, L. S., Musa, M. G., Pettifor, J. M., & Norris, S. A. (2015). Blood pressure tracking in urban black South African children: birth to twenty cohort. BMC pediatrics, 15(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0402-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0402-z
Kodama, S., Saito, K., Tanaka, S., Maki, M., Yachi, Y., Asumi, M., ... & Sone, H. (2009). Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. Jama, 301(19), 2024-2035. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.681
Froberg, K., & Andersen, L. B. (2005). Mini review: physical activity and fitness and its relations to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. International journal of obesity, 29(2),S34-S39. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803096
Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Rizzo, N. S., Villa, I., Hurtig-Wennlöf, A., Oja, L., & Sjöström, M. (2007). High cardiovascular fitness is associated with low metabolic risk score in children: the European Youth Heart Study. Pediatric research, 61(3), 350-355. https://doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e318030d1bd DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e318030d1bd
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International journal of obesity, 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Peterson, M. D., Saltarelli, W. A., Visich, P. S., & Gordon, P. M. (2014). Strength capacity and cardiometabolic risk clustering in adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(4), e896-e903. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3169
Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Faigenbaum, A. D., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 44(9), 1209-1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0196-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0196-4
Diez-Fernandez, A., Sanchez-Lopez, M., Gulias-Gonzalez, R., Notario-Pacheco, B., Canete Garcia-Prieto, J., Arias-Palencia, N., & Martinez-Vizcaino, V. (2015). BMI as a mediator of the relationship between muscular fitness and cardiometabolic risk in children: a mediation analysis. PLoS One, 10(1), e0116506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116506
Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Ruiz, J. R., España-Romero, V., Jiménez-Pavón, D., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., ... & Castillo, M. J. (2011). Physical fitness levels among European adolescents: the HELENA study. British journal of sports medicine, 45(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.062679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.062679
Cohen, D. D., Gómez-Arbeláez, D., Camacho, P. A., Pinzon, S., Hormiga, C., Trejos-Suarez, J., ... & Lopez-Jaramillo, P. (2014). Low muscle strength is associated with metabolic risk factors in Colombian children: the ACFIES study. PloS one, 9(4), e93150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093150
Cohen, D. D., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Fernández-Santos, J. R., Castro-Piñero, J., & Sandercock, G. R. (2017). Muscle strength is associated with lower diastolic blood pressure in schoolchildren. Preventive medicine, 95, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.006
Dong, B., Wang, Z., Arnold, L., Song, Y., Wang, H. J., & Ma, J. (2016). The association between blood pressure and grip strength in adolescents: does body mass index matter? Hypertension Research, 39(12), 919-925. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.84
Demmer, D. L., Beilin, L. J., Hands, B., Burrows, S., Cox, K. L., Straker, L. M., & Mori, T. A. (2016). Effects of muscle strength and endurance on blood pressure and related cardiometabolic risk factors from childhood to adolescence. Journal of hypertension, 34(12), 2365-2375. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001116
Zhang, R., Li, C., Liu, T., Zheng, L., & Li, S. (2018). Handgrip strength and blood pressure in children and adolescents: evidence from NHANES 2011 to 2014. American Journal of Hypertension, 31(7), 792-796. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpy032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpy032
American College of Sports Medicine. (2005). Health-related physical ftnessassessment manual. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https://www.acsm.org/education-resources/books/ACSMs-Fitness-Assessment-Manual DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200409000-00030
Heyward, V. H. (2006). Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 5th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199211000-00020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199211000-00020
Christofaro, D. G. D., Fernandes, R. A., Gerage, A. M., Alves, M. J., Polito, M. D., & Oliveira, A. R. D. (2009). Validation of the Omron HEM 742 blood pressure monitoring device in adolescents. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 92, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2009000100003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2009000100003
Haidar, S. G., Kumar, D., Bassi, R. S., & Deshmukh, S. C. (2004). Average versus maximum grip strength: which is more consistent. Journal of Hand Surgery, 29(1), 82-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2003.09.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2003.09.012
Artero, E. G., Lee, D. C., Lavie, C. J., España-Romero, V., Sui, X., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2012). Effects of muscular strength on cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 32(6), 351. https://doi.org/10.1097/hcr.0b013e3182642688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e3182642688
Lin, X., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Roberts, C. K., McKenzie, S., Wu, W. C., ... & Song, Y. (2015). Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American heart association, 4(7), e002014. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.115.002014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
Kawamoto, R., Ninomiya, D., Kasai, Y., Kusunoki, T., Ohtsuka, N., Kumagi, T., & Abe, M. (2016). Handgrip strength is associated with metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling persons. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 38(2), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2015.1081232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2015.1081232
Ortega, F. B., Leskošek, B., Blagus, R., Gil-Cosano, J. J., Mäestu, J., Tomkinson, G., Ruiz, J. R., Mäestu, E., Starc, G., Milanovic, I., Tammelin, T. H., Sorić, M., Scheuer, C., Carraro, A., Kaj, M., Csányi, T., Sardinha, L. B., Lenoir, M., Emeljanovas, A., … HELENA and IDEFICS consortia. (2022). European Fitness Landscape in Children and Adolescents: Updated reference values, fitness maps, and country rankings based on nearly 8 million data points from 34 countries gathered by the FitBack network [Preprint]. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.09.22275139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.09.22275139
Lurbe, E. (2003). Childhood blood pressure: a window to adult hypertension. Journal of hypertension, 21(11), 2001-2003. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200311000-00004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200311000-00004
Lawlor, D. A., & Smith, G. D. (2005). Early life determinants of adult blood pressure. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 14(3), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000165893.13620.2b
Lurbe, E., Cifkova, R., Cruickshank, J. K., Dillon, M. J., Ferreira, I., Invitti, C., ... & Zanchetti, A. (2009). Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. Journal of hypertension, 27(9), 1719-1742. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832f4f6b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f4f6b
Mainous III, A. G., Tanner, R. J., Anton, S. D., & Jo, A. (2015). Grip strength as a marker of hypertension and diabetes in healthy weight adults. American journal of preventive medicine, 49(6), 850-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.025
García‐Hermoso, A., Saavedra, J. M., & Escalante, Y. (2013). Effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in obese children: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity reviews, 14(11), 919-928. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23786645/ https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12054
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. (2004). The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 114(S 2), 555-576. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.s2.555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555
Daskalopoulou, S. S., Rabi, D. M., Zarnke, K. B., Dasgupta, K., Nerenberg, K., Cloutier, L., ... & Canadian Hypertension Education Program. (2015). The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 31(5), 549-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.075
Wind, A. E., Takken, T., Helders, P. J., & Engelbert, R. H. (2010). Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults. European journal of pediatrics, 169(3), 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1010-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1010-4
Kim, H. J., Lee, K. J., Jeon, Y. J., Ahn, M. B., Jung, I. A., Kim, S. H., ... & Suh, B. K. (2016). Relationships of physical fitness and obesity with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: Chungju city cohort study. Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism, 21(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.31
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Gentiana Beqa Ahmeti, Besnik Morina, Georgi Georgiev, Seryozha Gontarev
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
